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                    MOLOTOV COCKTAIL (PETROL BOMB)  INTRODUCTION Molotov cocktail is term for the simple incendiary weapon. It is also known as petrol bomb, fire bomb and benzine torch. They are relatively easy to make and may be used by irregular paramilitary forces and rioters. These bombs are also used to commit arson. These bombs are first used in Spanish civil war between July 1936 to April 1939, before they became to known as “Molotov cocktail”.  MECHANISM A Molotov cocktail consists of a glass bottle apart filled with flammable liquids. The liquid will typically be gasoline, alcohol, menthol, or ethanol. The mouth of bottle is closed with a cork or other type of tight sealing made up of glass, plastic, or rubber. A cloth rag is fixed securely around the bottle mouth. The weapon is used by first soaking the rag in flammable liquid immediately before use, lighting the rag and throw the bottle at the target. The bottle breaks when it lands, spilling the liquid over

                       CHEMICAL BOND- AN INTRODUCTION  Octet:-  Eight electrons in the outermost shell of an atom is said to form an octet.  Duplet:- Two electrons in the outermost shell of an atom just like helium constitute a duplet.  Q.1. why chemical reaction takes place?  All elements want to achieve a stable configuration to their nearest noble gas. This leads to chemical reaction.  Q.2. what types of way an element follows to achieve a stable configuration during chemical combination?  The following ways are follows by an element to achieve a stable configuration during chemical combination:-  1. By transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another.  2. By sharing of valence electrons between two combining atoms.    Chemical bonds:- The attractive force which holds together two atoms, two molecules, two ions or a combination of these is known as a chemical bond.  Q.3. How many types of bonds are?  There are two types of bonds are:-  1. electr

                       RESPONSE AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS  Plants movements  Tropic movement:-  The movements of organism in the direction of stimulus or away from stimulus are known as tropic movement or tropism.  It is positive if directed towards the source of stimulus and negative if directed away from stimulus.  Different types of tropic movements:-  Phototropism:- The tropic response of organism to light is called phototropism. If a young green plant takes light from one direction only, it bends towards the light source. So, the stem said to be positively phototropic.  Geotropism:- The tropic response of organism to gravity s called geotropism. If a growing region of plant placed horizontally, the stems tips grow away from pull of gravity while the root grows in direction of gravity. The stem is negatively geotropic and the root is said to be positively geotropic.  Hydrotropism:- The growth of plant part towards or away from water is known as hydrotropism. The

THE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS PRACTICE QUESTIONS (CHEMISTRY)  1.What is Lavoisier classification? 2.Why Lavoisier classification failed?  3.Define law of triads.  4.Why the law of triad failed?  5.Who gave law of triads and when?  6.Define law of octaves.  7.Why the law of octave failed?  8.Who gave law of octave and when?  9.Define periodic law of Mendeleev. 10. Who gave periodic law of Mendeleev and when?  11. What is full name of Mendeleev?  12. Write some words about Mendeleev.  13. Why periodic table of Mendeleev modified?  14. Write the features of the modified version of Mendeleev periodic table.  15. Why the Mendeleev periodic table failed?  16. Who gave modern periodic table and when?  17. Define the periodic law of Moseley?  18. Write the features of modern periodic table.  19. Mendeleev periodic table was based on?  20. Modern periodic table was based on?  21. Explain electronic configuration is the basis of modern pe

             LIFE PROCESS SAMPLE QUESTIONS (CLASS 10)  1. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organism like human?  2. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?  3. What are outside raw material used for by an organism?  4. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?  5. Perform an activity to show that carbon-dioxide is essential for plants.  6. How stomata regulated by guard cells?  7. Perform an activity to show that saliva breaks down starch?  8. Do you say some lines about Oesophagus?  9. What are differences between heterotrophic and autotrophic nutrition?  10. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?  11. What is the role of acid in our stomach?  12. What is the function of digestive enzymes?  13. Name the major gland perform an important role in digestion of food.  14. How small intestine is designed to absorb the digested food?

                             Human Endocrine Glands Pituitary gland:- It is a small gland attached to ventral side of the brain. Its most import as it secretes a number of hormones that regulates different parts of the body. It also controls the functions of other endocrine gland.  It has mainly two parts: - anterior lobe and posterior lobe. Anterior lobe secrete many hormones, one of these is growth hormone, which regulates growth and development of the body. It promotes bone and muscles, when body is growing. Excessive secretion of this hormone leads to gigantism, abnormal condition of excessive growth.  Insufficient secretion of this hormone in childhood leading to dwarfism, an abnormal condition of stunted growth. The posterior lobe secretes two hormones. One of these helps in childbirth and another influence the reabsorption of water in the kidney.   Pineal gland:- It is a small gland attached to ventral side of the brain. It has light-sensitive cells. It controls biological

                           Nutrition Notes For Class 10    Nutrition:- Nutrition is a process of providing nutrients to the body cell. In this the food is ingested, digested and assimilated by the organisms. The assimilated food is utilized by the cell to produce energy, synthesis of protein, etc.   Autotrophic nutrition:- The term “autotroph” is derived from two Greek words- autos (self) and trophe (nutrition).  In autotrophic nutrition, an organism makes its own food with the help of simple raw materials. They are also called producers.   Heterotrophic nutrition:- The word “heterotroph” is derived from two Greek words- heteros (other) and trophe (nutrition).  They depend on other organism for their food, so they are called consumers. All animals and non-green plants fall under this category. The consumers which consume plants and herbs are called herbivores and those consume animals are called carnivores. After taking complex organic material in food heterotrophs break them

              RESPIRATION NOTES FOR CLASS 10  Respiration:- Respiration commonly involves the use of oxygen to break down carbohydrates and other organic molecules, giving usable energy, carbon dioxide and water in this process.   Anaerobic respiration:- Partial oxidation of food in the absence of oxygen, resulting in release in some amount of energy is called anaerobic respiration.   1. How pyruvate is formed in anaerobic respiration? => Glucose has 6 carbon atoms joined to each other by covalent bond. Hydrogen and oxygen atoms are also attached to these carbon atoms. In anaerobic respirations of glucose; some of hydrogen atoms are removed and resulting in its oxidation. After a series of reaction the glucose get converted into two molecules of pyruvate, containing 3 atoms of carbon. This reaction also produces two molecules of ATP.    Glycolysis:- The oxidation of glucose in a series of reaction leading to formation of pyruvate is called glycolysis.  How ethanol and

          NEURON STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS     Functions of nervous system:- 1. Sensory input, that is, the detection of stimuli by the receptors or sense organ. 2. Transmission of nerve impulse to brain or spinal cord, which generates appropriate response. 3. Motor output, that is, carrying out of response by muscles or glands, which are called effectors. Two types of cells constitute our nervous system. One is neuron and another is neuroglia. Neuron conducts impulses and neuroglia provides support and protection to neuron.  A neuron consists of a cell body called cyton and two processes dendrites and axon.     Dendrites:- Dendrites are hair like extensions connected to cyton. They receive stimulus, which may be physical, chemical, mechanical or electrical and passes it to cyton.   Cyton:- It is the cell body with a central nucleus which is surrounded by cytoplasm.   Axon:- From one side of the cyton arises a cylindrical process filled with cytoplasm. It is called axon.

                           WORKING OF HEART   Blood from different parts of the body comes to right atrium, when it expands. Blood is brought from upper part of the body through superior vena cava and from lower part of the body through inferior vena cava.  When right atrium contracts, the blood goes to right ventricle. The atrioventricular aperture is closed by a valve after blood transfer. Valves prevent backflow of blood when the atria or ventricle contracts.    When the right ventricle contracts, blood forced out to the lungs for oxygenation through pulmonary artery, guarded by another valve. In lungs the exchange of gases takes place, blood give off carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen from lungs. Pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium, as it relaxes. When the left atrium contract, the blood is transferred to left ventricle, which expands. The aperture between left atrium and ventricle is guarded by another valve. The wall of ventricle is three or

                                           DMITRI IVANOVICH MENDELEEV         Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk (Siberia), on 8 February 1934. After his early education, he joined university due to effort of his aged mother. He received a master degree in chemistry in 1856 and doctoral degree in 1865. He was appointed professor of general chemistry in 1867, at university of St. Petersburg. In 1869 he proposed a famous “periodic law” and constructed a periodic table of elements. In this table, he placed certain elements at specific places in accordance with their properties. He also predicted properties of some undiscovered elements.                 Mendeleev was a versatile genius. He was interested in many areas of science. He worked a lot on natural resources too. In 1890, he resigned his professorship, and appointed the director of the bureau of weight and measures. Mendeleev dedicated all his work to his mother. To name the element with atomic number 10